Origin and geodynamic evolution of the Archean crust of eastern Finland

The Archaean crust of eastern Finland is composed of three main lithological units: ‒ Gneissic basement. It was originally composed of tonalites, trondhjemites and granodiorites emplaced at 2.86 G.a. and 2.62 G.a. and subsequently transformed into grey gneisses. The parental magmas originated from the mantle in a two-stage process: (i) formation of a basaltic crust, (ii) melting of this crust transformed into garnet-bearing amphibolite. Field, petrological and geochemical data argue in favour of a subduction-like process rather than an underplate accretion model. ‒ Greenstone belt (Kuhmo‒Suomussalmi). The lower volcanic sequence of this greenstone belt is composed of mafic and ultramafic lavas with komatiitic and tholeiitic affinities and was emplaced at about 2.65 G.a. The uprising of a mantle diapir initiated the breaking of the preexisting sialic crust (grey gneisses) and induced the emplacement of the greenstones in a proto-oceanic rift geodynamic environment. ‒ Calc-alkaline magmatism. The calc-alkaline magmas were emplaced as volcanic rocks in the greenstone belt 2.5 G.a. ago (Luoma acid volcanics), or as K-feldspar phenocryst granodiorites in the immediate vicinity of the Kuhmo‒ Suomussalmi greenstone belt 2.5 G.a. ago (Suomussalmi and Arola augen gneisses). The younger plutons were emplaced as pink leucogranites 2.41 G.a. ago. The origin of this magmatism is thought to be correlated to the late tectonic evolution of the Kuhmo‒Suomussalmi greenstone belt. The high density (d ~ 3.3) lavas of the lower volcanic sequence were emplaced over a low density (d ~ 2.7) sialic crust. This created an inverse density gradient and generated a gravity instability that initiated the subsidence (sagduction) of the greenstone belt with respect to its basement. This later was carried down in the vicinity of the belt and underwent partial melting, thus generating the calc-alkaline magmas. It must be pointed out that, in the course of time, petrogenetic processes have changed from ensimatic to ensialic, implying a major reworking of the preexisting crustal materials