Brassinosteroid Signaling in Plant–Microbe Interactions

As sessile organisms, plants are frequently exposed to different stress conditions caused by either biotic or abiotic factors. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie plant interaction with the biotic and abiotic environments is fundamental to both plant biotechnology and sustainable agriculture. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of plant-specific steroidal compounds essential for normal growth and development. Recent research evidence indicates that BRs are also actively involved in plant⁻environment interactions and play important roles in shaping plant fitness and the growth⁻defense trade-offs. In this minireview, we focus our attention on recent advances in the understanding of BR functions in modulating plant interactions with different pathogenic microbes, with particular focus on how BR signaling primes the plant innate immunity pathways and achieves a trade-off between growth and immunity