Los afrancesados o una cuestión política: los límites del despotismo ilustrado

As Andres Muriel asserted in 1820, the afrancesamiento was first of all a “political issue”: first, the Bayonne Assembly, which changed the concept of the Constitution as a more or less obvious package of basic laws, to that of a covenant between the People and the Sovereign, constituted a genuine revolution. Then, Spain had never experienced such important reforms as those that were taken by the government of Joseph I in 1809. This permited Juan Antonio Llorente to state that all the Lights of Spain had gathered in Madrid and Cadiz, and that there was no difference between Liberals and Afrancesados. This was missing the main thing: the structure of society, which was based in Cadiz on the evolution from the concept of subject to that of citizen, whereas in Bayonne the three estates of society and the privileges of the clergy and the nobility had been maintained