Congo red dye removal from aqueous solution by acid-activated bentonite from sarolangun: kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies

The abundant natural bentonite from Sarolangun deposit of Jambi Province, Indonesia, has been successfully activated by a wet acid activation method and applied as a low-cost, and environmental-friendly adsorbent for Congo red dye removal from aqueous solution. The activated bentonite samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 adsorption-desorption, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The batch adsorption technique has been conducted to study the adsorption behavior of Congo red on activated bentonite. The effects of operational parameters toward the Congo red adsorption on activated bentonite, including adsorbent dosage, initial pH, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature were investigated. Moreover, the properties of adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherm, and adsorption thermodynamic were also investigated. The results of material characterization showed that acid-activated bentonite has better properties than natural bentonite. For instance, the surface area of acid-activated bentonite elevated almost five-fold compared with natural bentonite. The batch adsorption study showed that the Congo red adsorption on acid-activated bentonite was significantly affected by adsorbent dosage, initial pH, contact time, dye concentration, and temperature. The adsorption kinetics investigation revealed that adsorption was best evaluated by a pseudo-second-order model rather than pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption equilibrium study described that the adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model. The result of thermodynamic investigation revealed that the adsorption process occurred spontaneously and favorably in high-temperature conditions