Integrating Multitemporal Sentinel-1/2 Data for Coastal Land Cover Classification Using a Multibranch Convolutional Neural Network: A Case of the Yellow River Delta

Coastal land cover classification is a significant yet challenging task in remote sensing because of the complex and fragmented nature of coastal landscapes. However, availability of multitemporal and multisensor remote sensing data provides opportunities to improve classification accuracy. Meanwhile, rapid development of deep learning has achieved astonishing results in computer vision tasks and has also been a popular topic in the field of remote sensing. Nevertheless, designing an effective and concise deep learning model for coastal land cover classification remains problematic. To tackle this issue, we propose a multibranch convolutional neural network (MBCNN) for the fusion of multitemporal and multisensor Sentinel data to improve coastal land cover classification accuracy. The proposed model leverages a series of deformable convolutional neural networks to extract representative features from a single-source dataset. Extracted features are aggregated through an adaptive feature fusion module to predict final land cover categories. Experimental results indicate that the proposed MBCNN shows good performance, with an overall accuracy of 93.78% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.9297. Inclusion of multitemporal data improves accuracy by an average of 6.85%, while multisensor data contributes to 3.24% of accuracy increase. Additionally, the featured fusion module in this study also increases accuracy by about 2% when compared with the feature-stacking method. Results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively mine and fuse multitemporal and multisource Sentinel data, which improves coastal land cover classification accuracy