Efficacy of Obcordata A from <i>Aspidopterys obcordata</i> on Kidney Stones by Inhibiting NOX4 Expression

Obcordata A (OA) is a polyoxypregnane glycoside derived from the Dai medicine Aspidopterys obcordata vines. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of OA on renal tubular epithelial cells exposed to calcium oxalate crystals. We incubated renal tubular cells with 28 &#956;g&#183;cm2 calcium oxalate crystals for 24 h with and without OA, GKT137831, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), and tocopherol. The MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, microscopic examination, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining revealed that calcium oxalate crystals decreased cell viability and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. OA, GKT137831, and tocopherol protected cells and decreased ROS levels. However, OA did not exhibit direct DPPH scavenging ability. In addition, immunoblotting illustrated that OA inhibited the NOX4 (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases 4) expression and downregulated the protein expression in the NOX4/ROS/p38 MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. The findings suggest that the cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of OA can be blocked by the NOX4 agonist PMA. In conclusion, OA could be used as a NOX4 inhibitor to prevent kidney stones