The polished stone artefacts in the life of the Starčevo and Sopot culture population of eastern Croatia

Ovim radom obrađene su kamene glačane izrađevine neolitičkih lokaliteta Selci Đakovački-Kaznica-Rutak, Belišće-Staro Valpovo, Kneževi Vinogradi-Osnovna škola, Osijek-Filipovica (Hermanov vinograd) i Stari Perkovci-Debela šuma. Materijal potječe s lokaliteta koji pripadaju starčevačkoj i sopotskoj kulturi, a radi se o nalazištima istraživanim u različitom opsegu i različitim metodološkim pristupima. U analizi kamenih glačanih izrađevina promatran je cjelokupan lanac operacija, odnosno različite faze tehnološkog procesa, od odabira i prikupljanja sirovine, obrade, uporabe, odbacivanja i ponovne uporabe. Kamene glačane izrađevine pojavljuju se na ovome području s nosiocima starčevačke kulture i već od samog početka pokazuju razvijene oblike. Njihov broj nije velik, i teško da se može govoriti o razvijenoj industriji kamenih glačanih izrađevina, većinom se radi o proizvodnji pojedinačnih izrađevina kojima se zadovoljava osnovna potreba unutar naselja. Od samog početka trajanja starčevačke kulture prisutni su tesle, sjekire, batovi i pijuci, a u ukupnom broju nalaza tesle dominiraju. Ukrasni predmeti prisutni su u znatno manjoj mjeri. Sa sopotskom kulturom povećava se ukupan broj kamenih nalaza kao i tipova. Izrađevine se višestruko popravljaju i ponekad je vrlo teško pratiti čitav niz obrada i uporaba pojedinih primjeraka. Ovaj reduktivni proces doveo je i do vrlo malih dimenzija pojedinih primjeraka. Od tipoloških kategorija i na sopotskim dijelovima nalazišta dominiraju tesle, a slijede ih sjekire i dlijeta. Perforirane alatke pokazuju vrlo široku uporabnu vrijednost, a gotovo niti jedna nije sačuvana u cijelosti i većinom su napuknute na mjestu perforacije. Od ukrasnih predmeta zabilježena je tesla manjih dimenzija izrađenoa od nefrita s nalazišta Stari PerkovciDebela šuma. Proučavanjem tragova uporabe pokušalo se dati odgovor na pitanje o aktivnostima koje su se provodile kamenim glačanim izrađevinama, a koje su zasigurno bile važan faktor u svakodnevnom životu zajednice. Osim uobičajenih tragova obrade mekih sirovina, kao što je drvo, prisutni su i tragovi glačanja (npr. crnog pigmenta) te tragovi udaranja, posebice kod batova i alatki koje su u sekundarnoj uporabi korištene kao batovi. Na temelju tragova uporabe, utvrđeno je kako su glačane kamene izrađevine korištene za čitav niz radnji. Korištene su kao sjekire, tesle (bradve), dlijeta, klinovi, motike, čekići, retušeri, glačalice, rastirači, nakovanji. Na temelju tragova na proksimalnom dijelu utvrđeno je kako su bile usađivane u držak. Utvrđeno je i kako oblik izrađevine nije određivao i njihovu funkciju. Ipak, na neolitičkim lokalitetima najveći je broj kamenih glačanih izrađevina sa sječivom rabljen u obradi drveta. Na izrađevinama su obavljene petrografske i mineraloške analize s ciljem da se na makroskopskoj osnovi utvrdi sirovinska pripadnost te ponude mogući izvori i porijeklo primarnih i sekundarnih sirovinskih nalazišta, a time i mogući pravci kretanja među zajednicama. Zbog blizine obrađenih lokaliteta, ali i utvrđenih sirovina, potpuno je opravdano zaključiti kako sirovine za njihovu izradu potječu iz okolnih brdovitih područja, posebice kruga Slavonskih planina, kao i dostupnih riječnih korita. Rad je upotpunjen prilozima koji sadrže table nacrtanog materijala, fotografije materijala, fotografije snimljenih tragova uporabe i karte nalazišta.This dissertation examines polished stone artifacts from the neolithic sites of Selci Đakovački-Kaznica-Rutak, Belišće-Staro Valpovo, Kneževi Vinogradi-Primary School, Osijek-Filipovica (Herman's Vineyard) and Stari Perkovci-Debela šuma. The material originates from the sites belonging to the Starčevo and Sopot culture, while the sites themselves were explored to different extents and with varying methodology, which influenced the final result, as well as the quality of the data. In the analysis of polished stone artifacts, the entire chain of operations, i.e., different phases of the technological process, from the selection and collection of raw materials, processing, use, waste and reuse with various finishing techniques were observed. For the area in question, polished stone artifacts appear in advanced shapes from the very beginning with the bearers of Starčevo culture. Their number is not large and we can hardly talk about a developed manufacture, since they were made individually to meet the basic needs of the settlement (Antonović 2014a). From the very beginning of Starčevo culture there are adzes, axes, batons and pickaxes, and adzes dominate among the total number of finds. Among the ornamental finds, only the fragment of a green hoop from the Kaznica Rutak site is known and a chisel made of green slate from the Kneževi Vinogradi site. With the Sopot culture, the total number of stone finds and types increases. Artifacts were repaired multiple times and sometimes it is very difficult to follow a whole set of processing and use of individual items. This reductive process has led to very small dimensions of individual specimens. By studying traces of use, an attempt was made determine what the objects were used for, certainly an important factor in the community's survival. In addition to the usual traces of soft raw materials such as wood, there are also traces of polishing (e.g. black pigment) and hitting traces, especially with batons and tools used as bats in secondary use. In terms of typology, adzes are prevalent on the Sopot sites as well. One difference is that on the Osijek-Filipovica site, there is a significant share of perforated tools, which are rare among the finds form Debela šuma and Kazina-Rutak sites in all the research campaigns. Perforated tools show a wide variety of use. Virtually none of them have been completely preserved and they are often cracked around the perforation. Among the decorative objects, there is a smaller adze made of nephrite from the Stari Perkovci-Debela šuma site. Based on traces of use, it was found that polished stone artifacts were used for a whole range of actions. They were used as axes, adzes, chisels, wedges, mots, hammers, retouchers, smoothing tools, handstones, anvils. Based on traces on the proximal part, it was found that they were mounted onto a handle. It was also established that the design did not determine their function. Nevertheless, on the neolithic sites, the largest number of polished stone artifacts was used for cutting wood. Petrographic and mineral analyses were carried out in order to determine the raw material on a macroscopic basis and to provide the sources and origin of primary and secondary raw materials which could indicate their movement among the communities. Because of the proximity of the observed sites, but also of the established raw materials, it is entirely justified to believe that raw materials used in the production of polished stone artifacts originated from the surrounding hills, especially the Slavonian Mountains