Ten years' follow-up of 472 patients following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt insertion at a single centre

Background: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt (TIPSS) is increasingly used for the management of portal hypertension. We report on 10 years’ experience at a single centre. Methods: Data held in a dedicated database was retrieved on 497 patients referred for TIPSS. The efficacy of TIPSS and its complications were assessed. Results: Most patients were male (59.4%) with alcoholic liver disease (63.6%), and bleeding varices (86.8%). Technical success was achieved in 474 (95.4%) patients. A total of 13.4% of patients bled at portal pressure gradients ≤ 12 mmHg, principally from gastric and ectopic varices. Procedure-related mortality was 1.2%. The mean follow-up period of surviving patients was 33.3 ± 1.9 months. Primary shunt patency rates were 45.4% and 26.0% at 1 and 2 years, respectively, while the overall secondary assisted patency rate was 72.2%. Variceal rebleeding rate was 13.7%, with all episodes occurring within 2 years of TIPSS insertion, and almost all due to shunt dysfunction. The overall mortality rate was 60.4%, mainly resulting from end-stage liver failure (42.5%). Patients who bled from gastric varices had lower mortality than those from oesophageal varices (53.9% versus 61.5%, P< 0.01). The overall rate of hepatic encephalopathy was 29.9% (de novo encephalopathy was 11.5%), with pre-TIPSS encephalopathy being an independent predicting variable. Refractory ascites responded to TIPSS in 72% of cases, although the incidence of encephalopathy was high in this group (36.0%). Conclusions: TIPSS is effective in the management of variceal bleeding, and has a low complication rate. With surveillance, good patency can be achieved. Careful selection of patients is needed to reduce the encephalopathy rate