Figure 3: AntCo2 algorithm for graph clustering: on the left the output of the computation on a communication network; on the right the output on a regular grid

Social and human developments are typical complex systems. Urban development and dynamics are the perfect illustration of systems where spatial emergence, self-organization and structural interaction between the system and its components occur [3, 4, 5, 6]. In figure 4, we concentrate on the emergence of organizational systems from geographical systems.