Additional file 1: of Arhalofenate acid inhibits monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammatory responses through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling

A-769662 activated AMPK downstream targets involved in regulation of mitochondrial function. BMDMs were treated with direct AMPK activator A-769662 (100 μM) for 1 h before being stimulated with MSU crystals (0.2 mg/mL) for 6 or 18 h in RPMI containing 1% FBS. Western blot analysis was carried out to examine phosphorylation and expression of AMPKα, expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, and TFAM, and expression of TXN1, TXN2, and TXNIP from 18-h treatment cells (A), and expression of LC3 and p62 from 6-h treatment cells (B). Data shown in A and B are representative of three individual experiments. (PDF 753 kb