Candidate genes.

(A) Overlap between genes with candidate SNPs identified using different methods in the exome: linear regression with a 95% cutoff for R2 and |slope|, linear regression with a 97.5% cutoff for R2 alone, and LFMM |z-score| ≥ 3. (B) The minimum R2 for the linear relationship between allele frequency and latitude for each SNP in the exome when including all populations or dropping any one population. Red and blue lines mark the top 2.5% and 5% respectively of the distribution for R2 when including all populations; SNPs that also have a |slope| in the top 5% are highlighted in red. (C) The distribution of SNPs among annotation categories for candidates identified in the exome using a regression approach with a 95% cutoff for R2 and |slope|. (D) Average R2 for the linear relationship between allele frequency and latitude for 2.5 kb non-overlapping windows in the genome. The red line marks the top 5% of the distribution for R2; windows that also have a |slope| in the top 5% are highlighted in red. (E) Four SNPs in Fbxo22/Nrg4 are highly correlated with latitude with steep shifts in allele frequency (one regression line shown for clarity). (F) Exome data show that the signal of selection drops off around Fbxo22/Nrg4.