Diagrammatic scale for powdery mildew severity evaluation in cashew nuts.

ABSTRACT Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Pseudoidium anacardii, is currently the main disease of cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale). In view of the importance of such plant disease and the absence of standardized methods for its quantification, a descriptive diagrammatic scale was proposed with levels 0 (Score 0), 5 (Score 1), 17.5 (Score 2), 37.5 (Score 3), 62.5 (Score 4) and 87.5% injured superficial area (Score 5), and was elaborated and tested for accuracy, precision and reproducibility of severity estimates of fungal attack on cashew nuts. The scale was tested by twenty people (ten experienced and ten inexperienced people) who used fifty nuts showing different severity levels, previously measured with the Assess® program, to be evaluated without and with the proposed descriptive diagrammatic scale. Simple linear regressions between the actual severity (measured electronically) and the severity estimated by each evaluator were used to determine accuracy and precision. Reproducibility was obtained based on linear regressions between severities of the same sampling unit estimated by different raters, combined in pairs, with and without the scale. The descriptive diagrammatic scale to assess powdery mildew severity in cashew nuts was easy to use and improved the levels of accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the estimates, regardless of the evaluator’s experience. Using the scale in field surveys and epidemiological, resistance and powdery mildew control measures studies will provide more precise information on the disease intensity in such an important pathosystem, besides allowing its use by students, technicians, researchers and farmers to quantify powdery mildew symptoms in cashew plants.