Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation in fibroblasts <i>in vitro</i>.

(A) Representative immunoblot images of EMD-treated or -untreated groups. Effect of 10 or 60 min of EMD treatment on Akt phosphorylation in gingival fibroblasts maintained at a control (Cont) or high glucose (HG) concentration. (B) Akt phosphorylation was quantified via densitometric analysis and expressed as a percentage of phosphorylation in EMD-untreated groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD values. *p Vegf was measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the four groups (control glucose medium without EMD, Cont-; control glucose medium with EMD for 3–12 h, Cont+; high glucose medium without EMD, HG-; and high glucose medium with EMD for 3–12 h, HG+). Data are presented as mean ± SD values. *p Vegf with/without wortmannin was measured via real-time PCR. Data are presented as mean ± SD values. *p < 0.05 (Tukey-Kramer test). These findings were confirmed in three independent experiments.