Inflammatory cell invasion into the regenerating portion of the bladder is characterized by a pro-inflammatory cytokine response.

Tiled confocal images of bladder sections stained with antibodies to CD68 (A-E) and Ly-6B.2 (F-J). Anti-CD68 marks infiltrating macrophages and anti-Ly-6B.2 marks infiltrating neutrophils. Leftmost panels (A, F) are sham bladders. Other panels are from STC surgery and are labeled as above. (K) Representative images of cytokine arrays interrogated with protein isolated from sham surgery bladders (top) and STC surgery bladders (bottom) one week after surgery. Cytokines of interest are indicated next to each set of duplicate spots. (L) Densitometric quantification of images similar to and including those shown in (K). Only bars that demonstrated statistically significant changes (P < 0.05) are shown. Bars are grouped by color: blue bars represent chemokines, purple bars represent Th1 cytokines, yellow bars represent pleiotropic cytokines and red bars represent TIMP and ICAM-1.