<i>In vitro</i> effects of various extracts.

(a, c, e) Proliferation of hFOBs at day 7 determined by PicoGreen assay. (a) Cells were challenged with either DMSO dissolved fractions D-01 to D-42 (subset shown in figure, complete set presented in S1, S2 and S3 Figs) or control (0.1% DMSO). (c) Cells were challenged with ethanol dissolved extracts E-01 to E-25 (subset shown in figure, complete set shown in S5 and S6 Figs) or control (0.5% EtOH). (e) Cells were challenged with control (saline solution–average of proliferation values for treatments between 1–10% concentration) or powder extracts P-01 to P-05, dissolved in a saline solution and at concentrations in cell media of 1, 5 or 10%. Cell proliferation, as a percentage of control, is presented as mean +/- standard deviation (SD), (n = 3 or 4). (b, d, f) ALP activity of MSCs at day 7 normalised to DNA concentration, treated with the same extract subset or control as detailed previously for DMSO (b), ethanol (d) and powder extracts (f). Relative ALP activity is presented as the mean +/- SD (n = 3). * indicates a statistically significant difference (p(a) included 3 separate controls as it combines data from 3 individual experiments.