Effects of aphid feeding on benzoxazinoid levels after 96 hr of infestation.

A) Schematic representation of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis showing the main enzymatic reactions and intermediates. In grey are the names of genes and metabolites that are detected in maize but are still unknown in wheat. In bold are the four benzoxazinoids that are presented in this research. B) DIMBOA, DIMBOA-Glc, HDMBOA-Glc and DIM2BOA-Glc levels modified under the attack of three cereal aphid species relative to the untreated control. An asterisk indicates the values that were determined by the Student’s t-test to be significantly different (P value < 0.05) from the untreated control (n = 4–5). ns: not significant.