Density Functional Theory Study of Redox Potential Shifts in Li_<i>x</i>Mn_<i>y</i>Fe_1–<i>y</i>PO₄ Battery Electrodes

Olivine-structured LiMPO4 materials (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or mixtures) exhibit higher redox potentials than their layer oxide counterparts. This is due to the so-called inductive effect in the former, where the inner P–O bonds in the phosphate units make the M–O bond weaker than in the latter. A strategy to further increase the redox potentials in the olivines is to mix two metals. Along these lines, Kobayashi et al. have shown experimentally that Mn2+–Mn3+ and Fe2+–Fe3+ redox potentials approximately shift 0.1 V upon full substitution of Fe by Mn in LixMnyFe1–yPO4. Here, through density functional theory calculations, we found that the average metal–oxygen bond lengths (M = Mn, Fe) increase with increasing Mn content, resulting in a decrease in the covalency of the transition-metal–oxygen interaction. The decrease in the covalency can be linked with good qualitative agreement to the experimentally observed M2+–M3+ voltage-plateau positive shift. Finally, the impact of the Mn-content-dependent voltage plateaus and unit-cell volume on the energy densities of the active compound is discussed