Additional file 13: of Tumor-derived exosomal HMGB1 fosters hepatocellular carcinoma immune evasion by promoting TIM-1+ regulatory B cell expansion

Figure S7. A schematic showing the novel mechanism of TIM-1+ Breg cells in HCC progression. Based on our data, we propose a model involving TIM-1+ Breg cells in HCC progression. First, HCC cells release exosomes with the potential to promote the accumulation of TIM-1+Breg cells through the HMGB1-TLR2/4-MAPK pathway. Second, TIM-1+Breg cells create an immunosuppressive microenvironment through secreting IL-10 and impairing CD8+ T cell functions, which provide favorable conditions for HCC progression. Third, myeloid cells further strengthen the immunosuppressive function of TIM-1+Breg cells through TIM-1/TIM-4 signaling. (TIF 13079 kb