Grail diminishes the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in primary peritoneal macrophages treated with LPS.

The mRNA expression of (A) IL-1β, (B) TNF-α, (C) IL-6, and (D) COX-2 was measured in primary peritoneal macrophages isolated from WT and Grail KO mice after LPS stimulation (3 h; 100 ng/ml). The protein expression of (E) IL-1β, (F and G) iNOS was determined in primary peritoneal macrophages isolated from WT and Grail KO mice after LPS stimulation (18 h; 100 ng/ml). These data are presented as the mean ± SEM. A student’s t-test was used to assess statistical significance. ***P < 0.001.