Population structure in genetic studies: Confounding factors and mixed models - Fig 6

(A) The SNP and the phenotype are independent under the null hypothesis () and correlated under the alternative hypothesis (). (B) In the case of population structure, the structure will influence many SNPs and the phenotype. In this case, correlation between SNPs and the phenotype will be induced in both the null and alternate hypothesis. SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.