Fundus topography and related visual field defects in acute non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO).

(Left) Schematic diagram of perfusion-based retinal zones (orange-colored) and retinal photoreceptor density (black solid line), which can be interpreted as “oxygen consumption” or “a vulnerability to ischemic damage”. ‘+’ marks fovea. (Right) Descriptive diagram of how various retinal perfusion status(orange-colored) lead to characteristic visual field defect types (green-colored). This diagram is based on the concept that the shape of the visual field defect is determined by the balance between the ischemic vulnerability and the perfusion status of each retinal region. In an eye with mildly impaired retinal arterial perfusion (Incomplete CRAO), a macula, which has the highest photoreceptor density can be damaged first, causing central scotoma. This can be accompanied by mild peripheral constriction. In an eye with more impaired retinal arterial perfusion (subtotal or mild Complete CRAO), the residual functional visual field is often confined to an island of temporal visual field. No light perception can be expected in the total or severe complete CRAO eyes.