MOESM1 of Gambogic acid induces autophagy and combines synergistically with chloroquine to suppress pancreatic cancer by increasing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species

Additional file 1. Rapamycin reduced GA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in pancreatic cancer cells. PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells were pretreated with 200 nM rapamycin for 24 h, and then treated with 1 µM GA for another 24 h. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by CM-H2DCFDA staining and observed under a fluorescence microscopes (100×). ROS production was detected by CM-H2DCFDA staining and ROS levels were measured using a fluorescence microplate. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3); ** indicates P < 0.01, *** indicates P < 0.001