An example LS neuron with spatially correlated rate and phase.

Recording data for a 2.2-h session in an 80-cm diameter arena. Sinusoids aligned to phase axes indicate theta waves, with peaks oriented to the top (horizontal axes) or left (vertical axes). (A) Spike-trajectory plot. Red dots: animal position at time of spike; gray line: trajectory. Inset: spike train autocorrelogram (top) and spike theta-phase distribution (bottom). (B+C) Spatial maps computed with an adaptive Gaussian kernel (Methods). (B) Firing ratemap. (C) Spike mean-phase map (left) and phase-vector map (right) with normalized MVL indicated by color saturation (color wheel; Methods). (D) Example 1-s traces of hippocampal LFP theta waves and spikes during periods of low (top) or high (bottom) firing rate. Highlights show theta cycles. (E) Example 15-s trajectory segment (line) showing bursts (circles) emitted as the rat traveled from a low-rate region to a high-rate location (blue-to-red bursts) and back to a low-rate region (red-to-green bursts; left). Likewise, plotted against firing rate, burst phase first advanced (blue-to-red bursts) and then delayed (red-to-green bursts; right). Left background: ratemap from (B). (F) Mean-phase (C) distributions (grayscale) conditioned on mean rate (B). Red lines: circular-linear regressions; multiple theta cycles shown (y-axis) for clarity.