Pyrethroid resistance and gene expression profiles in <i>An</i>. <i>albimanus</i>.

(A) Percent mortality in bottle bioassays for the susceptible Sanarate strain (dark grey) and field populations from Guatemala (light grey) and Peru (white). Bars show the means of 4 replicate assays, with error bars indicating +/-1 standard error of the mean. Remaining panels show volcano plots of gene expression for the comparisons: (B) Guatemala deltamethrin resistant vs. Sanarate; (C) Peru deltamethrin resistant vs. Sanarate; (D) Peru alpha-cypermethrin resistant vs. Sanarate. Red, green and blue points on the volcano plots indicate three gene families with major roles in metabolic resistance to insecticides: cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP, red), glutathione S-transferases (GST, green) and carboxylesterases (COE, blue). In each plot, genes overexpressed in the population are >0 on the x-axis. Vertical dotted lines indicate 2-fold expression differences and the horizontal dotted line indicates a p-value of 0.01.