Origin of Ultralow Thermal Conductivity in n‑Type Cubic Bulk AgBiS₂: Soft Ag Vibrations and Local Structural Distortion Induced by the Bi 6s² Lone Pair

Crystalline materials with ultralow thermal conductivity are essential for thermal barrier coating and thermoelectric energy conversion. Nontoxic n-type bulk cubic AgBiS2 exhibits exceptionally low lattice thermal conductivity (κlat) of 0.68–0.48 W/m K in the temperature range of 298–820 K, which is near the theoretical minimum (κmin). The low κlat is attributed to soft vibrations of predominantly Ag atoms and significant lattice anharmonicity because of local structural distortions along the [011] direction, arising because of the stereochemical activity of the 6s2 lone pair of Bi, as suggested by pair distribution function analysis of the synchrotron X-ray scattering data. The low-temperature heat capacity of AgBiS2 shows a broad hump because of the Ag-induced low-energy Einstein modes as also suggested from phonon dispersion calculated by first-principle density functional theory. Low-energy optical phonons contributed by Ag and Bi strongly scatter heat-carrying acoustic phonons, thereby decreasing the κlat to a low value. A maximum thermoelectric figure of merit of ∼0.7 is attained at 820 K for bulk spark plasma-sintered n-type AgBiS2