Influence of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and AMPs on <i>H</i>. <i>muscarum</i> intake, infection dynamics and clearance.

(A) Activation of the GAL4/GAL80ts system and silencing of Duox (needed for ROS production) increased parasite numbers and delayed clearance beyond D5. (B) De-repressing transcription of a number of AMPs by knocking down caudal in ECs, reduced the parasite number intake and shortened the time for the parasites to be cleared. (C) Knocking down in ECs of diptericin (Dpt), a target of IMD pathway, increased the parasite number intake and but not the clearance time. (D). RNAi of the AMP gene Cecropin in ECs (NP1-GAL4) also increased the initial parasite load. (E). In contrast, overexpression of the AMP gene Attacin in ECs cleared parasite infection in less than 30h. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyse all data (*p = 0.1, **p = 0.001, ***p = 0.0001).