Cumulative number of xenobiotic exposure events.

Xenobiotics identified in exposome profiles of honey bee foragers categorized by N. ceranae infected and uninfected hives. Data represent the total number of exposure events grouped by each class of xenobiotic for both the Infected and Uninfected hives as determined by presence or absence of N. ceranae infection. Insecticides accounted for 32%, varroacides (oxalic acid) 21%, PAH (naphthalene) 20%, anti-parasitics 14%, fungicides 7% and herbicides 6% of the exposures. Infected hives have significantly more exposure events as compared to uninfected hives (χ2 = 7.619, df = 1, n = 30, p < 0.006).