Vaccine transmission required for herd immunity in a nonhomogeneous population.

Lines indicate the minimal vaccine transmission that augments spatially averaged seroprevalence to the 0.5 herd immunity threshold. We assume a tightly clustered bait distribution, ξ = 0.025 km. Gray region depicts typical seroprevalence levels achieved in US raccoon campaigns. In both panels, the minimal vaccine R0,v required to protect a homogeneous population is plotted for comparison (“ODE model”). Other parameters: d = 0.416 yr−1.