Genome-wide association analyses for yield and yield-related traits in bread wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) under pre-anthesis combined heat and drought stress in field conditions

Understanding the genetic basis of heat and drought stress tolerance in wheat is prerequisite for wheat breeding program. In the present study, a wheat panel comprising of 192 elite bread wheat genotypes was phenotyped in eight environments for yield and related traits in field conditions. Four stress environments were created by implying four different treatments differing in sowing date and water availability, panel was evaluated for two years in field conditions. The panel was genotyped with 15K Illumina chip and 9236 polymorphic markers concentrated on B genome were employed in GWAS analysis. Consistent, fast LD decay was observed on D genome and structure analysis germplasm divided panel into three major populations. GWAS was performed using BLUEs values of combined environment data in R package GAPIT using log10(P) = 3.96 as significance threshold. The significance of association was further checked using FDR