The masonry city walls construction, garrisons setting up and abandon, wars, rice and wheat revenue, and disasters sequences in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).

(a) Masonry city walls construction sequence of the Ming Dynasty; (b) Garrisons setting up and abandon sequence; (c) Wars intensity sequence; (d) Foreign wars intensity sequence; (e) Internal wars intensity sequence; (f) Rice and wheat revenue of the central government sequence; (g) Disasters intensity sequence; (h) Flood intensity sequence. Note: “shi” was a unit of volume in ancient China and was commonly used to measure grain. 1 “shi”≈1.02 m2.