tRNA decoder regulates error ratio in translation decoding.

In physiological conditions, errors in mRNA translation may occur but are generally well tolerated. However, the frequency of errors is dramatically increased in response to stresses. When amino acid misincorporation reaches intolerable levels, this contributes to dysfunction of cellular physiology and may cause pathogenesis. In general, the error ratio in translation decoding primarily depends on tRNA wobbling (cognate) and misdecoding (noncognate) as well as misacylation of tRNAs. aa, amino acid; iMet-tRNA, initiator tRNA Methionine; tRNA, transfer RNA.