Pooled competition.

Strains were mixed and grown for several dozens of generations in serial dilution regimes under different growth conditions (see S3 Text for details). At different time points during the competition, barcodes were sequenced, and their frequencies are shown. (A) Challenge conditions to which strains were evolved (15°C and 20°C for E. coli and S. cerevisiae, respectively). Color bar represents the frequency of the strains barcode reads from total number of reads. (B) Other challenges (“evolutionary memory,” 37°C and 30°C for E. coli and S. cerevisiae, respectively; “generalization,” 0.8M NaCl and 1.2M sorbitol for E. coli and S. cerevisiae; “extremity,” 8°C for both E. coli and S. cerevisiae). Color bar represents the frequency of the strains barcode reads from total number of reads. Upper panels present E. coli competition results; lower panels present S. cerevisiae competition results. Strains key: E. coli strains: (1) Growth advantage in stationary phase, (2) E. coli Manual chemostat, (3) Saltation-selection and vice versa, (4) Pop-Gen, (5) E. coli Daily dilution, (6) Survival of the fittest group by means of selection, (7) Variable mutation-rate selection, (8) Variable mutation-rate selection (with cold-shock), (9) Saltation-selection and vice versa, (10) Lazy man, (11) Accelerated Evolution, (12) Strength through diversity: the United States of E.coli (U.S.E), (13) Combined chemostat and temperature fluctuations, (14) Hypermutation evolution. S. cerevisiae strains: (15) Delete and prosper, (16) Chemical mutagenesis, (17) Breeding with natural variation, (18) Simply Metabolism, (19) Adaptive evolution with mating, (20) S. cerevisiae Manual chemostat, (21) Foodie-evolution, (22) S. cerevisiae Daily dilution, (23) Combined chemostat and temperature fluctuations, (24) Engineering of cold response genes using CRISPR/Cas9, (25) cycles of random mutagenesis with selection, (26) Mating, (27) Ty-induced evolution, (28) Antarticold, (29) Catching cold RNA, (30) S. cerevisiae temperature gradient. Data for this figure can be found in S2 Data.