Global R&D spending totals, 1980, 2013 and 2050.

Source: See Table 1. Notes: These estimates consist of total (public and private) R&D spending for 175 countries and country aggregates (based on data from 199 countries). Panel a: Countries are grouped into income classes using the 2013 World Bank schema [25]. Panel b: The regional grouping is based on a World Bank classification [25]. However, the diagram groups the countries of South Asia, East Asia and Pacific into a single East/South Asia and Pacific grouping. Europe and Central Asia includes the Former Soviet Republics, Turkey and the low- and middle-income countries of Eastern Europe. The 2050 totals reflect the baseline scenario.