Monte Carlo simulation at different noise levels.

(A) The mean value of glutamate (Glu) amplitude-to-noise ratio (red cross) from 100 Monte Carlo simulations at 50 different flip angles (FAs). Significant deviations between mean values from Monte Carlo simulations and ground truth values were observed when the Glu amplitude-to-noise ratio was below five. (B) The contour map of Glu amplitude-to-noise ratio as a function of number of signal averages and FA. Values of the ratio are labeled on each contour line. The dashed lines in D indicate that at FA = 36° the Glu amplitude to noise ratio was five when the number of averages = 16.