Turning ratio (net distance/total distance) for different stages of bagrada bug that were starved for different periods in the outdoor experiment.

Insects were starved for 0, 24, or 48 h. Starvation significant influenced turning ratio across stages. Values were logit transformed for the analysis. Starvation treatments not sharing lowercase letters are significantly different based on posthoc comparisons. Means are back-transformed least-squares means with their 95% confidence intervals.