Does the CAMPFIRE programme ensure economic benefits from wildlife to households in Zimbabwe?

This study was conducted in three districts of the southern lowveld of Zimbabwe to assess the economic impact of CAMPFIRE among rural households in the area. Data were collected through surveys from households (n = 569) and key informant interviews from ward councillors from 10 communities, and historical data from the district offices between September and November 2014. Results showed that households were incentivised through direct and indirect economic benefits. The direct economic benefits were small but the households appreciated the infrastructural facilities from CAMPFIRE. About 3% of surveyed households felt that CAMPFIRE contributed to a reduction in human-wildlife conflicts. Both direct and indirect benefits deteriorated after donor withdrawal beginning 2003, as evidenced by a sharp decline in household dividends, and an increase in human-wildlife conflicts and incidences of illegal hunting. However, given that households still benefit from CAMPFIRE, more than a decade after donor withdrawal is an indication of its resilience. Revitalising the CAMPFIRE model is crucial given its benefits for households at the grassroots and its contribution to conservation. Improving transparency and providing tenure security for the hunting area in CAMPFIRE would increase effective ownership of the programme at the household level and promote its sustainability.