Aspalathin, a natural product with the potential to reverse hepatic insulin resistance by improving energy metabolism and mitochondrial respiration - Fig 7

Extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) response of C3A liver cells to aspalathin (10 μM), glucose (10 mM), oligomycin (1 μM) and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) (100 mM), respectively (A). Individual parameters for glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve of C3A liver cells after aspalathin treatment (B and C), and the effect of palmitate and aspalathin on OCAR/ECAR (D). ECAR was measured under basal conditions followed by the sequential addition of aspalathin (10 μM), glucose (10 mM), oligomycin (1 μM), and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) (100 mM) the order was as follows (aspalathin>Glu > Oli > 2-DG). Data are expressed as means ± SEM, n = 3 independent experiments. **** p #### p < 0.0001 versus palmitate control.