Phase shifting.

A-B) Spiking activity obtained from simulations of the full spiking network. The black dots illustrate the ongoing activity and the colored dots (blue for the I-cells and red for the E-cells) the activity of the perturbed network. Lower panels: Illustration of the stimulus onset. Perturbations are made on the I-cells. Parameters: Ne = Ni = 5000; τe = τi = 10; τse = τsi = 1; ; Jee = 0; Jei = 15; Jii = 0; Jie = 15; ; vth = 500; vr = −500; ; direct perturbations are made with a square wave current pulse (amplitude 2, duration 2).