Conceptual diagram for propranolol effects on the amphipod growth and its constituents, biomarkers (TBARS, ORAC, and AChE), and stable isotope signatures (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N), predicted on the basis of MOA.

The negative effects are shown as arrows pointing down and positive effects as arrows pointing up. The orange arrows depict measured effects, whereas grey arrows indicate effects that were not accessed but appear plausible considering propranolol MOA and literature. See Table 1 for the rationale for specific effects.