<i>L</i>. <i>major-S</i>. <i>aureus</i> coinfection results in increased pro-IL-1β expressing myeloid cells, higher IL-1β levels, and greater IL-23 gene expression in infected tissues.

Infected mice ears were homogenized and (A) cultured for 4–5 hours with BFA, PMA, and ionomycin, stained for surface markers and intracellular pro-IL1β, and analyzed by flow cytometry for (B) numbers of pro-IL-1β+ cells co-staining CD45+ CD11b+ Ly6Ghi Ly6Cint (PMN), CD45+ CD11b+ Ly6G- Ly6Chi cells (MN), or CD45+ CD11b+ CD11c+ (DC) from the ears at days 1 and 7 p.i. (C) Supernatants from homogenized ear tissues were analyzed by ELISA for IL-1β concentration. (D) IL-6 gene expression from ears 3 days p.i. (E) IL-23 gene expression from ears 3 and 7 days p.i. Data from days 1 and 3 (A-C) and panels D & E represent one experiment and are shown as the mean ± SD of 5 mice/group. Data from day 7 (A & B) from two replicate experiments are shown as the mean ± SEM of 3–6 mice/group. *p p S. aureus, Lm = L. major, L+S = L. major + S. aureus.