The effect of CSE in different concentrations on the inflammatory response in a COPD Exacerbation in vitro model: A-549 cells were incubated for 24 hours with LPS (0.1μg\ml) and CSE of 2%, 4% and 10% or with LPS alone (control group).

The culture supernatants were collected and the concentrations of IL-8 and MCP-1 were measured by ELISA. The data represent the mean of 3 experiments ± SEM.***P value < 0.0001.