Physiological features of the human bile duct infected with <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i> and experimental design for assessing invasion by CCA cells in a clonorchiasis-associated tumor microenvironment.

(A) A common hepatic bile duct cancer (hilar cholangiocarcinoma) and C. sinensis infestation of a human liver (left). Formation of a tumor gland in the bile duct and chemical stimulation by ESPs (brown triangles) from C. sinensis (right). (B) The schematic figure (box with black border) is a COL1 hydrogel scaffold region for cell culture. Phase-contrast image showing green fluorescence protein-expressing HuCCT1 CCA cells in a complex tumor microenvironment (box with dotted line in A and B) consisting of H69 normal cholangiocyte and the directional application of ESPs.