History of improvement of identification methods of bone fossils and study of diseases, including dental, in ancient people

Проведена спроба аналізу шляхів історичного розвитку методів ідентифікації скелетних останків і регістрації захворювань у стародавнього населення. Ретельно розглянуті етапи розвитку методів ідентифікації кісткових решток і диференціації захворювань у стародавньої людини, визначення гендерних маркерів, вікових груп, розміру тіла і типу конституції за антропологічним матеріалами. Сучасній науці слід шукати алгоритм розв'язання задачі ідентифікації індивідуума за палеоантропологічними матеріалами в комплексі одонтологічних, антропологічних, стоматологічних (медичних) і власне судово-медичних методик. Проведена попытка анализа исторического развития методов идентификации скелетных останков и регистрации заболеваний у древнего населения. Подробно рассмотрены этапы развития методов идентификации костных останков и дифференциации заболеваний у древнего человека, определения гендерных маркеров, возрастных групп, размера тела и типа конституции по антропологическим материалам. Современной науке следует искать алгоритм решения задачи идентификации индивидуума по палеоантропологическим материалам в комплексе одонтологических, антропологических, стоматологических (медицинских) и собственно судебно-медицинских методик. The finding of stomatological diseases has been given big attention from paleopathology. The teeth are more resistant to destruction and buried conditions than any other body tissue and important element for the studies on individual’s diet, social and cultural factors in the populations. Dental histological aging first made a major appearance on the anthropological stage amidst a flurry of controversy. Also time of changes in diet and health in historical populations can be examined due to chronology of primary and permanent dentition. An attempt was made to analyze the ways of historical development, methods for identification of skeletal remains and study of diseases in the ancient people. There are considered the stages of development of methods for identification bone remains and differentiation of diseases in an ancient individual, determining gender markers, age groups, body size and type of constitution based on anthropological materials. Tracing the way passed in the development of identification methods for bone remains and differentiation of diseases in ancient people from petrified remains, it is evident that the beginning of this path happened at the end of the 18th c. - the beginning of the 20th c. AD (protoscientific, prosystemic period). The next leap of discoveries happened in the middle of 20th c. - blossoming in the field of introduction of new scientific technologies for bone tissue analysis (early scientific period, system approach). The third rise in development of the methodological base of studies at the end of the 20th c. - the beginning of 21th c. can be designated as a developed scientific, systematic approach in the identification of skeleton and the differentiation of its pathology. Identification of gender markers went through the same stages - the end of 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century, the middle of the 20th c., and the end of 20th c. - the beginning of 21th c., also can be designated as protoscientific studies, the beginning of scientific analysis of sex signs in bones, and using of ultimate achievements in sex identification by bones). The problem of age identification has the same periods of development: the end of the 19th century, the 20th century until 3d millennia, and the beginning of the 21st century. There were basically two periods in the determination of growth, such as the constitution: 1) the end of 19th c., 2) the 20th c. Basically, the methods obtained in the second period are used by modern scientists to determine the length of the body by skeleton. Considering the achievements in the field of identification, gender, age, growth (on the bones of the skeleton), there is a noticeable connection of these parameters for more accurate identification of each one separately. An exact analysis of the following parameter is impossible without previous one. Conditionally, it is possible to distinguish three periods in development of identification methods of an individual, pathology, sex, age, growth by skeleton: 1) protoscientific period (protosystemic approach) (late the 18-19th cc. - early 20th c.); 2) early scientific (systemic scientific) period (middle of the 20th century); 3) developed scientific period (end of the 20th century - first third of the 21st century). According to the research data, the algorithm for solving the identification problem of individual by paleoanthropological materials should be sought by modern science in a complex of odontological, anthropological, dental (medical) and forensic methods