Integration of high performance micro-supercapacitors on silicon chip and flexible substrates

Le développement de l'internet des objets au service des " Smart Cities " requière des sources d'énergie miniaturisées. Ces travaux concernent la préparation de micro- supercondensateurs à hautes performances par voies sèches. Des films minces de carbure de titane ont été déposés sur wafer de silicium par pulvérisation, puis convertis par chloration partielle en films de carbone dérivé de carbure microporeux adhérents. 205 mF.cm-2 / 410 F.cm-3 ont été délivrés en milieu 1M H2SO4, et 170 F.cm-3 dans un mélange de liquide ionique et d'acétonitrile en contrôlant la taille des micropores. Les micro-supercondensateurs préparés sur wafer par cette voie, compatible avec les techniques de microfabrication utilisées dans l'industrie des semi-conducteurs, surpassent les performances des micro-supercondensateurs sur puce rapportées jusqu'alors. Enfin, l'écriture laser d'oxydes commerciaux sur polyimide s'est avérée prometteuse pour la préparation de micro-supercondensateurs flexibles.The development of the internet of things, serving the concept of Smart Cities, demands miniaturized energy storage devices. Electrochemical double layer capacitors (or so called EDLCs) are a good candidate as they can handle fast charge and discharge over 1,000,000 cycles. This work focuses on the preparation of high performance micro- supercapacitors using non wet processing routes. Titanium carbide (TiC) thin films were first deposited on silicon wafer by non-reactive DC magnetron sputtering. The deposition parameters, such as pressure and temperature, were optimized to prepare dense and thick TiC films. Then, microporous carbide-derived carbon (CDC) films with sub-nanometer pore diameters were obtained by removing the metallic atoms of the TiC films under chlorine atmosphere. Partial chlorination led to strongly adherent TiC-CDC films which could be used as electrode in aqueous electrolyte. Capacitance values of 205 mF.cm-2 / 410 F.cm-3 were delivered in 1M H2SO4, and were stable over 10,000 cycles. In order to increase the energy density of the on-chip electrodes, the pore sizes were increased to accommodate the larger ions of organic electrolytes, by performing chlorination at higher temperatures. The 700°C chlorinated TiC-CDC electrodes delivered up to 72 mF.cm-2 within a 3 V potential window in an ionic liquid / acetonitrile mixture. Another strategy consisted in the grafting of anthraquinone (AQ) molecules, which brought additional faradic contribution to the capacitive current. Electrochemical grafting by pulsed chronoamperometry allowed to double the TiC-CDC capacitance in aqueous electrolyte (1M KOH). On-chip CDC-based micro-supercapacitors were successfully prepared via reactive ion etching/ inductive coupled plasma procedure followed by chlorination. This non-wet processing route is fully compatible with the microfabrication techniques used in the semi-conductor industry, and the as-prepared micro-devices outperforms the current state of art of on-chip micro-supercapacitors. Aside, the preparation of flexible micro-supercapacitors was achieved via direct laser-writing, which provided a facile and scalable engineering with low cost. Ruthenium oxide (RuO2)-based interdigitated electrodes were obtained from laser-writing of a commercial RuO2.xH2O / cellulose acetate mixture spin-coated onto KaptonTM. Capacitance values of ~30 mF.cm-2 were recorded in 1M H2SO4 for the flexible device. This work open the way for the design of high performance micro-devices at a large scale