Comparison of Advantages and Disadvantages Between Presidential and Parliamentary Governments

本文在文首敘述兩制之特徵，然後就五十二個指標比較兩制之優缺點，其中，在政治僵局、人民主權、責任政治、元首超然、府會合作、法律品質、廉能政府、濫用權力、政治暗殺、平庸危機、政治人物、政黨紀律、權變能力、財政預算、杜絕僥倖、政治酬庸、夫人干政、特赦徇私、國際信譽、強制分權、人才閒置、人事搬風、道德示範、附庸風雅等二十四項指標上，內閣制較為優越。唯在政府安定、適才適任、國家需要、顧此失彼、專家行政、行政專制、議員自由、耳目一新、英雄崇拜等十項，似乎以總統制為優勝。 至於共同的優點，計有憲政主義、多數統治、官吏民選、民可逐官、有限政府、依法行政、司法獨立、確保民權、自由選舉、政黨政治、忠誠反對、衝突制度、政治安定、避免激情、順民改革等。共同缺點已知者計有過度開發與強調競爭二者。The author described the characteristics of both types of government first, then compared these two types of government with fifty two criteria. It is superior of parliamentary government of presidential ones in twenty-four aspects such as political deadlock, popular sovereignty, political accountability, neutrality of the head of state, cooperation of executive & legislature, quality of laws, clear and effective government, misuse of power, political assassination, crisis of mediorcrity, politician vs. statesman, party discipline, contingent ability, reasonable budgeting, prevention of promotion by luck, political partronage, interference from first lady, selfish amnesty, international credit, reluctant separation of powers, putting elite aside, move personnel here and there, moral model, pretending be elegant. But the supremacy of presidential government is obvious in ten criteria such as governmental stability, right person right position, national necessity, care one but neglect the other, expert administration, executive tyranny, freedom of congressman, new appearance of political arena, hero worship, political equality. As to the common advantages, there are fifteen points can be mention, such as constitutional democracy, majority rule, officials elected by the people, bad officials can be remove by citizens, limited government, rule of law, judicial independence, protection of civil rights, free election, party politics, loyal opposition, healthy leaders, institutionization of conflict, political stability, avoidance of passionate politics, reform according to public opinion, etc. The two weak points of both systems are over exploitation and overemphasis of competition