The Ethical Order in Uniformity: Ethical Thoughts in Chinese Anarchism

本文旨在分析中國無政府主義如何建構??方面的建設性??。無?西方還是中國，無政府主義（Anarchism）的主要作用在於強?的批判性，而至於其建設性??，往往被視為烏托邦。可是，如果當時的無政府主義者真正相信「烏托邦」的到?是可能的話，我們必須要問：「烏托邦」為何能夠成?？我們探?其??依據之後，才能評斷它是否為「烏托邦」，也才能夠瞭解其??缺陷何在。我們在中國無政府主義的??觀上也可?這種批判性與建設性的?種層面。在中國無政府主義者的言?中，針對三綱、宗教等「偽道德」的批判尤為激?，有時甚至出現?「道德」本身都否定的言語。然而，此時他們所?的「道德」實際上是作為外在規範的道德，而他們拒絕外在道德規範的結果，??秩序變得?加依賴每個人的內在道德性，由此他們呈現出道德主義者之面貌。中國無政府主義?及人性的時候，一方面?用西方科學知?主張科學式??觀，另一方面依然依照傳統思維表達以「無我」、「?心」等概?為核心的??觀。本文針對後者的傳統思維進?分析時發現，其??思維為解消衝突而融合為一體的一元思維，進而與以多樣衝突為前提的現實之間出現隔閡。在此可?中國無政府主義的烏托邦性質。This essay intends to analyze how Chinese anarchists constructed ethical theory for their ideal society. The most influential aspects of anarchism are its criticisms of social constraints. Its constructive aspects are conversely generally regarded as utopian. But, if the Chinese anarchists were convinced that “utopia” was feasible, we must inquire why and how it was to be realized. By gaining a fuller understanding of the plans of the Chinese anarchists, we can probe their theoretical defects and judge whether these plans really were “utopian.” In the ethical thoughts in Chinese anarchists, we also find both critical and constructive aspects. They criticized san’gang (three bonds) and religion harshly as “fake morals,” and sometimes even denied the existence of “morality” itself. However, the “morality” they were referring to actually meant the moral coerciveness from outside, and since they refused all outside restraints, order in future society was all the more dependent upon “inside” morality. When Chinese anarchists referred to ethics, they made maximum use of scientific knowledge and insisted on moral improvement by the way of science. On the other hand, they also used such concepts as wuwo (anatta) or liangxin (goodness of mind) derived from traditional ways of thinking. This combination of the two aspects often led to intellectual incoherence. This paper is mainly concerned with the traditional aspects. If finds that the thinking of the anarchists was mono-dimensional, that is, they broke the existing diversity in the ethical order for the purpose of solving social conflicts. Therefore, the reality (diversity of human existence) and the theory (uniformity) are separated, and in the end Chinese anarchism shows its idealistic character