Potential effects of different disinfection methods on disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation in swimming pool water

由於國人日益重視休閒及運動生活，游泳池之設置及泳客人數逐年增加。為了達到抑制微生物生長的目的並避免疾病傳播，游泳池會使用特定消毒方式保障水質安全，然而在消毒的過程中，卻可能伴隨消毒副產物的生成。此主要起因於游泳池池水中可能含有來自水源或泳客釋放之有機物質，當這些有機物質遇到消毒所使用的消毒劑，就可能產生化學反應導致消毒副產物的生成。在先前文獻已有指出暴露到消毒副產物可能會導致對人體健康的危害，因此了解游泳池池水中消毒副產物生成的特性，並對現有消毒方法對消毒副產物的影響進行探討是必要的。 本研究進行之目的即是為了了解當游泳池所使用的消毒方法(加氯消毒及臭氧搭配加氯消毒)不同時，其對游泳池池水中消毒副產物生成特性所造成的潛在影響，並且藉由實驗室模擬的方式進一步探討臭氧在游泳池池水消毒系統中對於水質參數及水中各類消毒副產物生成濃度的影響。 整個研究包含兩大部分，第一部分為12座游泳池池水之採樣，目的是為了瞭解目前台北地區游泳池水中各類消毒副產物濃度的實際情形，並評估實場操作的相關因素對於水質參數與消毒副產物生成情形的影響；第二部分為實驗室模擬，主要是透過控制不同實驗條件和相關參數，例如：臭氧濃度及接觸時間，以深入地探討臭氧在游泳池消毒系統中所造成的影響和其對於水質參數和消毒副產物生成情形的效應。 在環境採樣的部分，研究結果發現游泳池水中有機碳的濃度為台北地區自來水的二至五倍，此外七月份採樣由於泳池使用人數較多，所以出現較高濃度的總有機碳。而在不同的消毒方法對消毒副產物影響的部分，實場採樣結果顯示對於三鹵甲烷的生成而言，兩種消毒方式並無顯著影響，但臭氧搭配加氯消毒卻能有效降低游泳池水中鹵乙酸的濃度。 而在實驗室模擬的部分，臭氧加氯對於控制傳統消毒副產物如三鹵甲烷以及鹵乙酸的生成均有顯著效果，可是本研究結果卻也顯示游泳池水樣在經過臭氧搭配加氯處理後新興消毒副產物鹵酮類的生成增加。Swimming is one of the most popular sports around the world. Due to the presences of the rich organic substances and the microorganisms in swimming pools which could pose potential threats to swimmers, disinfection of the pool water is indeed essential for the better quality of the pool water. Chlorine and ozone/chlorine are the two most commonly used disinfection methods in swimming pools of Taipei. Somehow, such disinfectants would react with organic matters in the pools to form numerous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKs) and so on. These DBPs have been proven to lead to tumor formations of liver and kidney in animal studies and might be harmful to human health. Thus, it is necessary to assess the occurrences of DBPs and the effect of existed disinfection methods in swimming pools. The aims of this study are to evaluate the occurrences of various DBPs in swimming pool in Taipei and assess the potential effects of different disinfection technologies especially the role of ozone on the formations of various DBPs in swimming pools. This study comprised of both field sampling and laboratory simulations. Results of field sampling showed that there was a significant variation in the concentrations of TOC, TDN and THMs in pool water. Besides, there are also some differences between the pools treated with ozone/chlorine and chlorine. The results show that pools with ozone/chlorine disinfection have lower concentrations of HAAs, whereas it was surprisingly to find that higher concentrations of nitrogen-based DBPs such as HANs and HKs were also observed, which were reported to be more hazardous to human health than the carbonaceous DBPs. On the other hands, laboratory scale experiments were used to simulate the effects of ozone/chlorine and chlorine treatments for swimming pool water on DBPs formation. The results indicated that the effects of pre-ozone treatment on the occurrences of DBPs in pool water including the reductions of THMs and HAAs and potential increase of the concentrations of HKs