The Practice of Cultural Defenses Theory in Criminal Cases in Taiwan－－Focusing on Indigenous People

文化，是一種人類為了適應環境而在一個社會或團體之間所發展之生活活動或方式。我國原住民依附著山林生存時會發展出一些產生食物、經濟維繫或社會規範等生活方式，在此社會之一員會學習這些方式，維繫著個人與部落社會之關係。再透過世代之濡化傳遞，以形塑原住民之人格特質於民族性格。在各種文化接觸的過程中，不應有強制同化或歧視他種文化之態度。作為自由民主國家之臺灣，隨著憲法增修條文之訂定，更應以尊重多元文化多樣性為依歸。因此，對於原住民文化應抱持著包容與尊重，法律面上，亦不應漠視原住民族群之文化價值觀或帶有主觀偏見，不應一味地適用主流文化所制定之現行法，而罔顧少數族群的文化困境。 為了因應多元文化的社會中，少數族群能在訴訟上主張其文化證據與價值觀，引發美國對於「文化抗辯」議題的省思。所謂文化抗辯，是一種訴訟策略的稱呼，指被告通常會主張其犯罪時受到其本身特有的文化慣習影響，使其欠缺犯罪成立所需要之要件，而不應受國家制裁。實務上，目前美國尚未承認文化抗辯成為正式之抗辯事由。然而，學理上早已對是否應成立正式文化抗辯之議題，進行正反兩面之爭論。其中，支持文化抗辯成為正式抗辯事由之學者，對於文化抗辯於刑法理論之定位之議題，有主張應屬正當化事由(justification)，亦有主張應屬於罪責免除事由(excuse)，然目前尚無定論。 從本文提出六則有關原住民犯罪案例可知，我國原住民刑事案件早已有文化抗辯之存在，只是實務上對於原住民之主張應如何在刑法體系中定位，並無統一之見解。近年來學界亦開始討論原住民之文化抗辯應具有何種法律效果。本文亦依序從不法構成要件該當性、違法性與有責性探討文化主張存在之可能，並認為文化抗辯應定位於期待可能性。並借鏡美國學者Alison Dundes Renteln的判斷標準，具體化期待可能性之內涵，增加提出文化抗辯之實益性。可兼顧刑法保護法益與尊重多元文化之價值，並提升法官審查原住民文化主張之完整性。Culture is a life activity of human in order to adapt the environment among a society or group development. Indigenous people of Taiwan also developed some produce food, economic or social of regulate lifestyle when attached to the forest to survive, one member in this community will learn these ways, to maintain the relaationship of personal and tribal society. And then passed through generations of enculturation in shaping personality traits in the ethnic character of the Indigenous people . In various cultures of contact with the process, there should be no forced assimilation or discrimination other kind of cultural attitude. As a freedom and democratic countries in Taiwan, along with upgrading the provisions of the Constitution formulate, more respect for multicultural diversity should be emphasize. Therefore, to treat indigenous culture should hold the tolerance and respect. On the Legal surface, we should not ignore the cultural values of the indigenous ethnic groups or with a subjective prejudice, should not blindly apply the existing law established by the dominant culture, while ignoring Cultural dilemma in the minority ethnic groups. In response to Multicultural society, we have to make sure minorities can advocate the cultural evidences and values, there are some reflections of “cultural defenses” in US. The so-called cultural defenses is one kinds of litigation strategy, it means that defendants usually claim that their actions were affected by unique culture, therefore the actions were lacked of the essential elements, should not be subject to state sanctions. In practices, it has not yet become a formal recognition of the cultural defense of defenses in US. However ,scholars have long been discussed whether cultural defenses are formal defenses. The scholars that advocate formal cultural defense, ones of them thinks cultural defenses are justification, others thinks cultural defenses are excuses. There is no conclusive. According to six cases of Indigenous crimes, there were cultural defenses in Criminal Cases in Taiwan. However ,it is no consensus that how to positioned Indigenous people’ claims in the criminal law system. In recent years scholars also began to discuss the defense of Aboriginal culture should have any legal effect. There is sequentially review from elements of crimes, justification to excuses, to find out the possibility of exist of cultural defenses in the criminal law system. This thesis will put the cultural defenses into the “Zumutbarkeit”. Simultaneously the thesis will learn from the American scholar Alison Dundes Renteln, enrich the Connotation of “Zumutbarkei”, and make the cultural defense beneficial. This article can be both criminal law to protect legal interests and respect for the values of multiculturalism, and enhance the integrity of the judges review the Aboriginal Culture claims