Theoretical and Empirical Analyses of the Cognitive Operation Process of the Belief in Yuan and the Ideal Coping Actions in Chinese Social Relationship

在華人社會的常民生活世界裡，許多文化知識常會透過自動化的心理捷思歷程進行運作，隨著時間累積便成為多數人共享的思維模式或問題因應習慣，進而成為有別於其他社會的文化心態與內在認知基模，最終成為特有的自我療癒方式。華人社會由於深受「關係主義」影響，於是在關係互動的問題處理上常與西方「個人主義」式作法相當不同，我們常在生活經驗中發現，民眾遇到關係互動問題時，極容易提取而出的文化知識為「緣觀信念」，透過訴諸「緣分」轉化因為關係互動事件造成的負面感受或挫折，使其成為當下對抗焦慮的認知模式並能促發後續調適行動。 在此背景下，本論文擬將「緣觀信念」、「關係互動」及「心理適應」等三大主題串連後進行探討。首先建構一個「嘗試性理論架構」，藉由對「緣觀信念」的辯證式認知運作歷程分析，來解釋與預測華人在面對情感關係互動問題時，可能具有的認知狀態與理想因應行動，並以此作為後續實徵研究的前導詮釋觀點。 研究一採用「多元尺度分析」找出「緣觀信念」的三大潛在結構為：「關係知覺」、「神奇知覺」及「外在知覺」；研究二採用「因素分析」進行「緣觀信念量表」編修，並得到「認命型緣觀」與「知命型緣觀」兩大因素構面；研究三採用「典型相關分析」進行理論架構的初步驗證，探討「緣觀信念」與「理想因應行動」之關聯，共抽取出二組典型因素達到顯著，第一組典型因素為：「能動內控信念 vs. 盡己式承擔行動」；第二組典型因素為：「宿命外控信念 vs. 體知式承受行動」。研究四採用「質化訪談分析」，發現「緣觀信念」可作為關係創傷後復原歷程之認知介入因子，具有潛在的應用價值。 希冀本論文能提供一個理解華人文化社會處理關係互動問題時的詮釋架構與實務應用參考，文末並提出研究限制與省思建議。My doctoral dissertation focuses on theory construction and empirical studies. I propose that the belief in yuan (the Chinese concept of determinism in social relationships), typically occurs during an interpersonal event and is based on two aspects of the mandate of heaven: ren-ming (acceptance of fate) and zhi-ming (knowing fate), which combine cultural knowledge from Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism to make the belief in yuan a feature of dialectical thinking, as well as help people to adopt suitable coping strategies to achieve psychological adjustment in response to problems that arise from interpersonal interactions. I completed four substudies to describe and validate this model. Three psychological structures of the belief in yuan (i.e., the perception of relationship, the perception of miraculous feeling, and the perception of living world) were shown in Study 1. To validate the model of this study, a scale was constructed to analyze the association between the belief in yuan and the ideal coping actions performed by people in Chinese society (Study 2 and Study 3). Study 4 was a qualitative study that proved the practical healing function of the belief in yuan. The expected innovation and contribution that results from the dissertation will be to broaden the subjectivity of social psychology in the Eastern world, and to dialogue with the Western academic league by combining existing psychological knowledge and Eastern cultural views. In addition, I hope that the results will be of practical benefit to local people and psychological practitioners in Taiwan