Analyses of the Siwa Culture Cemetery,Xujianian Site,Zhuanglang Country,Gansu Province - The Exploration of Burials and Health Conditions

在中國考古學研究中，墓葬分析與人骨病理學分析分屬兩個不一樣的領域，本研究將嘗試整合這兩種不同的研究領域。以甘肅省庄浪縣徐家碾寺洼文化墓地為研究對象，以量化分析墓葬內容以觀察墓葬間是否有貧富之間的差異，再加上墓主的健康狀態做為變數，以探討墓主健康狀態與墓葬反應出的社會結構是否有相關性。 墓葬分析的基礎概念是投入的勞力程度，筆者認為在墓葬中投入的勞力程度與墓主在該社會中的社會或經濟地位呈現正相關。投入勞力程度的量化值為土方體積、陪葬品數量和墓葬價值。由於徐家碾墓地中存在複體葬的關係，在分析陪葬品數量和墓葬價值時又細分為以人為單位及以墓為單位兩種變數。筆者並取墓葬群中可見的三種分類方式──墓葬群中的區域差別、殉葬種類差異及置石葬俗與否──是否有效反映了投入勞力程度的規則。 病理學分析則以型態觀察為研究方法，在徐家碾墓地中可見的病理現象大致有齒科疾病、關節增生、體骨變形和顱部病理四類，其中最常見的病理現象為齒科疾病中的齲齒、生前脫齒及琺瑯質發育不全症。體骨上的病理現象則因為樣本數少且部位零散，僅能做為特殊案例處理。在顱部發現的病理皆為炎症現象，由於產生發炎反應的原因多樣，難以準確判斷致病原因，也列為特殊案例處理。 墓葬分析的結果顯示若以殉葬種類做為分類的標準，則有殉人的墓葬投入的勞力是較高的；若以是否有置石葬俗為分類的標準，則有放置石塊的墓葬所投入的勞力較高；但若以區域做為分類的標準，則三個區域都未達到統計上的顯著性。由此推論在此社會中應該有對殉葬種類的規範，雖然無法得知規範的標準為何，但殉葬種類確實是影響墓葬勞力投入的原因；而在墓葬中放置石塊的葬式也出現在先周(或稱西周早期)墓葬中，顯示在此社會中有一群人能夠接觸到另一個群體的文化，而這些人的在社會階層中可能是較高的一群。 筆者用了兩種方式分析了健康狀態與墓葬勞力投入程度的關係：第一種研究方法是以齲齒及琺瑯質發育不全症兩種齒科疾病做為變數，分析此兩種病理現象與墓葬投入程度的關係；第二種研究方法是列出有關節增生、生前脫齒、肢體變形和顱部病理現象的個體，分析這14具個體的健康狀況後，將它們的土方體積、陪葬品數量和墓葬價值與整個墓地的平均值做比較。但這兩種方法都未能有效顯示健康狀況及墓葬勞力投入程度之間的相關性。筆者認為原因有二：第一是與病理現象較為相關的因素為性別，兩性生命史對病理現象所呈現的結果影響較大。再者是材料的限制無法完整呈現整個社會的健康狀態。This theme is a study about relation between burial analyses and health conditions which belongs to difference academic categories in China archaeology. These data are from the Xujianian cemetery that is belonging to the Siwa Culture in the Gansu Provice. I try to explore the relationshops between burials and health conditions of burial owners through quantitative approaches. The foundemental concep of burial analyses is labor investment involved in burials. In my opinion, the investment shows positive-correlation with status of burial owners in the societies. I measured labor investment of burials by volum of soil in burial, quantity of grave goods and grave value. There are multiple individual burials so that I definded quantity of grave goods and grave value by burial or individual seperately. Furthemore, I consider that space difference, sacrificed, and tradition of buried stones reflect affect the labor investment involved in burials. Methods of bone analyses are to observe pathology phenomina on bones or teeth. We can see teeth pathology, arthritis, deforming body bones and cranium pathology on bones from the Xujianian mortuary. Carries, teeth lose before dying and enamel hypoplasia are common diseases in these burials. There are only few examples of pathologies on bones on different parts, which make comparative studies impossible. I will take these examples as case studies. Since possible reasons of inflammation are multiple, I also take them as case studies instead of overall explnations. The result of burial analyses show that those burials sacrificed with people and those burried stones in mortuary have higher labor investment. However, spatial difference do not show clear difference in labor investment in these burials. According to these analyses, I suggest that certain rules do exist in the Xujianian cemetery practice, even through we cannot know the exact principle. Furthermore, some burials with buried stones also exsited in some pre-Zhou (or so-called early Western Zhou) cemeteries, which indicate some people in this socieites can contact with another cultural group, and these people might have higher social status than others. I used two ways to analysize the relations between health condition and labor investment. The first is to analysis health conditions and degree of labor devision by carries and enamel hypoplasia. The second is to analyze 14 individuals with teeth lose before dying, arthritis, deforming body bones and cranium pathology on bones then campaire the degree of labor devison of their burial and all the burial in the cemetery. However, these analyses neither show clear relationships between health condition and labor devision. There are two possible reasons. One is that health conditions and labor investment actually have no relations. Gender is more important reason of health condition. The other reason is that the data is too deficient to show the whole health condition.謝誌 I 中文摘要 III Abstract V 目錄 VII 表目錄 IX 圖目錄 XI 圖版目錄 XII 1、緒論 1 1.1、研究動機與問題意識 1 1.2、研究材料 3 1.2.1 徐家碾寺洼文化墓地介紹 3 1.2.2 人骨性別及年齡鑒定 5 2、文獻回顧 10 2.1、墓葬理論回顧 10 2.2、考古學的人骨分析研究史 14 2.3、區域研究 17 2.3.1 甘青地區區域研究史 17 2.3.2 甘青地區青銅時代諸文化 21 3、分析與結果 33 3.1、墓葬資料量化分析 33 3.1.1分析策略與方法 33 3.1.2分析結果：殉葬種類或特殊墓葬與在空間中的分布 35 3.1.3分析結果：投入的勞力程度 36 3.1.3.1 以空間差異劃分的三區域比較 36 3.1.3.2 以殉葬種類劃分的三組比較 39 3.1.3.3特殊墓葬與非特殊墓葬的比較 41 3.1.4 分析結果：隨葬品種類比例 43 3.1.4.1 以空間區域劃分的三區域比較 43 3.1.4.2 以殉葬種類劃分的三組比較 44 3.1.4.3 特殊墓葬與非特殊墓葬的比較 45 3.1.5 小結 46 第二節、人骨病理學分析 49 3.2.1 研究策略 49 3.2.2病理現象觀察結果 49 3.2.2.1齒科疾病 50 3.2.2.2關節骨質增生 54 3.2.2.3肢骨變形 54 3.2.2.4顱部病理 55 3.2.3 小結：性別與病理現象的關係 55 3.3、墓葬資料與人骨病理學綜合分析 57 3.3.1 分析策略 57 3.3.2 分析結果：疊圖及統計分析 57 3.3.2.1 齲齒 58 3.3.2.1.1 墓主患有齲齒者墓葬的各種空間分布分析 58 3.3.2.1.2 墓主患有齲齒之墓與未見齲齒患者之墓墓葬條件比較 61 3.3.2.2 琺瑯質發育不全症 63 3.3.2.2.1 墓主患有琺瑯質發育不全症之墓葬的各種空間分布分析 63 3.3.2.2.2 墓主患琺瑯質發育不全症之墓與未見此病理現象患者之墓墓葬條件比較 66 3.3.3 分析結果：特殊案例分析 67 3.3.4 小結 72 3.4、綜合討論 74 3.4.1 徐家碾寺洼文化人墓地的量化特性 74 3.4.2 徐家碾寺洼文化人的健康狀況 76 3.4.3 墓葬投入程度與墓主健康狀態的關係 77 4、結論 79 參考文獻 81 附錄 病理學照片圖版 9